1962 B.Sc., Sir George Williams University, (now Concordia University), Montreal, Canada.
1964 M.Sc., Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada.

Click here to view Lord Baltimore’s first colony.

Thesis: "Aspects of the biology of the winter flounder Pseudopleuronectes americanus (Walbum) in Long Pond, Conception Bay, Newfoundland" 113 pp.

1970 Ph.D., University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA

Dissertation: "Some effects of temperature on survival and metabolism of selected estuarine bivalves" 115pp.

Professional experience:

2002 - 2003 Director, Cooperative Oxford Laboratory (IPA Appointment)
1996 - 2003 Director, Multiscale Experimental Ecosystem Research Center.
1989 - 2001 Assistant Director, University of Maryland, Horn Point Laboratory, Cambridge, MD.
1976 - present Assistant Professor, (1976-1981), Associate Professor (1981-1986),
    Professor (1986 - ) University of Maryland, Horn Point Laboratory.
1972 - 1973 Research Associate, University of Maryland, Chesapeake Biological Laboratory ,
    Solomons, MD.
1970 - 1971 Visiting Assistant Professor. Department of Biology, Chapman University , Orange, CA.
1965 - 1968 Faculty Research Assistant, University of Maryland, Chesapeake Biological Laboratory.
1961 - 1964 Summer student employment at Fisheries Research Board of Canada,
    St. Andrews, New Brunswick, Canada.


Post-doctoral Fellowships:

1974 - 1976 Post-doctoral Fellow, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
1973 - 1974 Post-doctoral Fellow, Department of Zoology, University of Canterbury,
    Christchurch, New Zealand

Sabbaticals:

1993 (Fall) Visiting Professor, Semester at Sea Program , University of Pittsburgh.
1983 - 1984 W.F. James Fellow, St. Francis Xavier University, Nova Scotia, Canada.

Research Interests:

Reproduction and larval behavior and ecology of bivalves. Crab and fish foraging behavior. Ecology and dynamics of littoral and sublittoral benthic communities. Global climate change.

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1960s, 1970s, 1980s, 1990s, 2000s

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Kennedy, V.S. and D.H. Steele. 1971. The winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) in Long Pond, Conception Bay, Newfoundland. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 28:1153-1165.

Kennedy, V.S. and J.A. Mihursky. 1972. Effects of temperature on the respiratory metabolism of three Chesapeake Bay bivalves. Chesapeake Sci. 13:1-22.

Gatz, A.J., Jr., V.S. Kennedy and J.A. Mihursky. 1973. Effects of temperature on activity and mortality of the scyphozoan medusa, Chrysaora quinquecirrha. Chesapeake Sci. 14:171-180.

Kennedy, V.S., W.H. Roosenburg, H.H. Zion and M. Castagna. 1974. Temperature-time relationships for survival of Mulinia lateralis embryos and larvae (Mollusca:Bivalvia). Mar. Biol. 24:137-145.

Kennedy, V.S., W.H. Roosenburg, M. Castagna and J.A. Mihursky. 1974. Mercenaria mercenaria (Mollusca:Bivalvia):Temperature-time relationships for survival of embryos and larvae. Fish. Bull. 72:1160-1166.

Kennedy, V.S. 1976. Desiccation, higher temperatures and upper tidal limits of three species of sea mussels (Mollusca:Bivalvia) in New Zealand. Mar. Biol. 35:127-137.

Kennedy, V.S. 1976. Arsenic concentrations in some co-existing marine organisms from Newfoundland and Labrador. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 33:1388-1393.

Kennedy, V.S. 1977. Reproduction in Mytilus edulis aoteanus and Aulacomya maoriana (Mollusca:Bivalvia) from Taylors Mistake, New Zealand. N.Z. Journal of Mar. Freshw. Res. 11:255-267.

Steinberg, P.D. and V.S. Kennedy. 1979. Predation upon Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin) larvae by two invertebrate species common to Chesapeake Bay oyster bars. The Veliger 22:78-84.

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1980s

Roosenburg, W.H., J.C. Rhoderick, R.M. Block, V.S. Kennedy and S.M. Vreenegoor. 1980. Survival of Mya arenaria larvae (Mollusca:Bivalvia) exposed to chlorine-produced oxidants. Proc. Nat. Shellfish. Assoc. 70:105-111.

Roosenburg, W.H., J.C. Rhoderick, R.M. Block, V.S. Kennedy, S.R. Gullans, S.M. Vreenegoor, A. Rosenkranz and C. Collette. 1980. Effects of chlorine-produced oxidants on survival of larvae of the oyster Crassostrea virginica. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 3:93-96.

Kennedy, V.S. 1980. Comparison of recent and past patterns of oyster settlement and seasonal fouling in Broad Creek and Tred Avon River, Maryland. Proc. Nat. Shellfish. Assoc. 70:36-46.

Blundon, J.A. and V.S. Kennedy. 1982a. Mechanical and behavioral aspects of blue crab (Callinectes sapidus Rathbun) predation on Chesapeake Bay bivalves. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 65:47-65.

Blundon, J.A. and V.S. Kennedy. 1982b. Refuges for infaunal bivalves from blue crab (Callinectes sapidus Rathbun) predation in Chesapeake Bay. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 65:67-81.

Kennedy, V.S. and L.B. Krantz. 1982. Comparative gametogenic and spawning patterns of the oyster Crassostrea virginica Gmelin in central Chesapeake Bay. J. Shellfish Res. 2:133-140.

Kennedy, V.S. and L.L. Breisch. 1983. Sixteen decades of political management of the oyster fishery in Maryland's Chesapeake Bay. J. Environ. Mgmt. 16:153-171.

Kennedy, V.S. 1983. Sex ratios in oysters, emphasizing Crassostrea virginica from Chesapeake Bay, Maryland. The Veliger 25:329-338.

Kennedy, V.S. and J.A. Blundon. 1983. Shell strength in Corbicula sp. (Bivalvia:Corbiculidae) from the Potomac River, Maryland. The Veliger 26:22-25.

Kennedy, V.S. and J. DiCosimo. 1983. Subtidal distribution of barnacles (Cirripedia:Balanidae) in Chesapeake Bay, Maryland. Estuaries 6:95-101.

Lutz, R. (and l3 co-authors of which I am 8th). 1983. Preliminary observations on the usefulness of hinge structures for identification of bivalve larvae. J. Shellfish Res. 2:65-70.

Wright, D.A., V.S. Kennedy, W.H. Roosenburg, M. Castagna and J.A. Mihursky. 1983. Temperature tolerance of embryos and larvae of five bivalve species under simulated power plant entrainment conditions: a synthesis. Mar. Biol. 77:271-278.

Kennedy, V.S. 1984. Crawling and clustering behavior of three species of intertidal mussels in New Zealand. N.Z. Journal Mar. Freshw. Res. 18:417-423.

Kennedy, V.S. and L. Van Heukelem. 1985. Gametogenesis and larval production in a population of the introduced Asiatic clam, Corbicula sp. (Bivalvia:Corbiculidae), in Maryland. Biol. Bull. 168:50-60.

Kennedy, V.S. 1985. A summer benthic survey in Conception Bay, Newfoundland, emphasizing zoogeography of annelids and amphipods. Can. J. Zool. 63:1863-1869.

Kennedy, V.S. 1986. Expected seasonal presence of Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin) larval populations, emphasizing Chesapeake Bay. Amer. Malacol. Bull., Spec. Ed. 3:25-29. (Invited review).

Brock, V., V.S. Kennedy and A. Brock. 1986. Temperature dependency of carbohydrase activity in the hepatopancreas of thirteen estuarine and coastal bivalve species from the North American east coast. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 103:87-101.

Kennedy, V.S., R.A. Lutz, and S.C. Fuller. 1989. Larval and early postlarval development of Macoma mitchelli Dall (Bivalvia: Tellinidae). The Veliger 32:29-38.

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1990s

Messick, G.A. and V.S. Kennedy. 1990. Putative bacterial and viral infections in blue crabs Callinectes sapidus held in a flow-through or a recirculation shedding system. J. Shellfish Res. 9:33-40.

Kennedy, V.S. 1990. Anticipated effects of climate change on estuarine and coastal fisheries. Fisheries (Bethesda) 15 (6):16-24 (Invited paper).

Purcell, J.E., F. Cresswell, D.G. Cargo, and V.S. Kennedy. 1991. Differential ingestion and digestion of bivalve larvae by the scyphozoan Chrysaora quinquecirrha and the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi. Biol. Bull. 180:103-111.

Kennedy, V.S., S.C. Fuller and R.A. Lutz. 1991. Shell and hinge development of young Corbicula fluminea Müller (Bivalvia: Corbiculoidea). Amer. Malacol. Bull. 8:107-111.

Sundberg, K. and V.S. Kennedy. 1992. Growth and development in larval and post-metamorphic Rangia cuneata (Bivalvia:Mactridae). J. Shellfish Res. 11:9-12.

Brock, V. and V.S. Kennedy. 1992. Quantitative analysis of crystalline style carbohydrases in five suspension and deposit feeding bivalves. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 159:51-58.

Sundberg, K. and V.S. Kennedy. 1993. Larval settlement of the Atlantic rangia, Rangia cuneata (Bivalvia:Mactridae). Estuaries 16:223-228.

Chintala, M.M. and V.S. Kennedy. 1993. Reproduction of Stylochus ellipticus (Platyhelminthes:Polycladida) in response to temperature, food, and presence or absence of a partner. Biol. Bull. 185:373-387.

Ebersole, E.L. and V.S. Kennedy. 1994. Size selection of Atlantic rangia clams, Rangia cuneata, by blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus. Estuaries 17:668-673.

Ebersole, E.L. and V.S. Kennedy. 1995. Prey preferences of blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus) feeding on three bivalve species. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 118:167-177.

Kennedy, V.S., R.I.E. Newell, G. Krantz and S. Otto. 1995. Reproductive capacity of the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica infected with the parasite Perkinsus marinus. Diseases Aquat. Org. 23:135-144.

Kennedy, V.S. 1996. The ecological role of the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, with remarks on disease. J. Shellfish Res. 15:177-183. (Invited paper).

Wright, D.A., E.M. Setzler-Hamilton, J.A. Magee, V.S. Kennedy and S.P. McIninch. 1996. Effect of salinity and temperature on survival and development of young zebra (Dreissena polymorpha) and quagga (D. bugensis) mussels. Estuaries 19:619-628.

Derrick, P.A. and V. S. Kennedy. 1997. Prey selection by the hogchoker Trinectes maculatus (Pisces: Soleidae), along summer salinity gradients in Chesapeake Bay, U.S.A. Mar. Biol. 129:699-711.

2000s

Newell, R.I.E., G.S. Alspach, V.S. Kennedy and D. Jacobs. 2000. Mortality of newly metamorphosed eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica Gmelin) in mesohaline Chesapeake Bay. Mar. Biol. 136:665-676.

Najjar, R.G (and 15 co-authors of which I am 6th). 2000. The potential impacts of climate change on the mid-Atlantic coastal region. Climate Research 14:219-233.

Milke, L.M. and V.S. Kennedy. 2001. Mud crabs (Xanthidae) in Chesapeake Bay: Claw characteristics and predation on epifaunal bivalves. Invertebrate Biology 120:67-77.

Wood, R.I., D.F. Boesch and V.S. Kennedy. 2002. Future consequences of climate change for the Chesapeake Bay ecosystem and its fisheries. Pages 171-184 in N.A. McGinn (ed.). Fisheries in a Changing Climate. American Fisheries Society Symposium 32, Bethesda, MD.

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Mihursky, J.A., A.J. McErlean, V.S. Kennedy and W.H. Roosenburg. 1970. Regional planning and the Chesapeake Bay environment - an ecological approach. Proc. New England Coastal-Zone Mgmt. Conf., U.N.H., April 1970. pp. 47-74.

Schubel, J.R. and V.S. Kennedy. 1984. The estuary as a filter: An introduction. Pages 1-11 in V.S. Kennedy (ed.). "The Estuary as a Filter." Academic Press, New York.

Mann, R., B. Meehan, J.S. Rainer, V. S. Kennedy, R.I.E. Newell, and W.F. Van Heukelem. 1987. Influence of low oxygen tensions on larvae and post settlement stages of the oyster Crassostrea virginica. Pages 139-143 in G. B. Mackiernan (ed.). Dissolved Oxygen in the Chesapeake Bay: Processes and Effects.           UM-SG-TS-87-03, Maryland Sea Grant, College Park, MD.

Kennedy, V.S. 1989. The Chesapeake Bay oyster fishery: traditional management practices. Pages 455-477 in John F. Caddy (ed.). "Marine Invertebrate Fisheries: Their Assessment and Management", John Wiley and Sons. (Invited Chapter).

Kennedy, V.S. 1989. Potential effects of climate change on Chesapeake Bay animals and fisheries. Pages 509-513 in J.C. Topping, Jr. (ed.). Proceedings Second North American Conference on Preparing for Climate Change, Washington DC (Invited Paper).

Kennedy, V.S. and D.C. Kennedy. 1990. Graphic and tabular display of fishery data. Pages 33-64 in J. Hunter (ed.). "Writing for Fishery Journals". American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland. (Invited chapter).

Kennedy, V.S. 1991. Eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica. Pages 3.1-3.20 in S.L. Funderburk, J.A. Mihursky, S.J. Jordan and D. Riley (editors). "Habitat Requirements for Chesapeake Bay Living Resources, 2nd edition." Living Resources Subcommittee, Chesapeake Bay Program, Annapolis, MD.

Kennedy, V.S. 1994. Climate warming and estuarine and coastal ecosystems. Pages 538-547 in C.V. Mathai and G. Stensland (editors). Global Climate Change: Science, Policy, and Mitigation Strategies. Air and Waste Management Association, Pittsburgh, PA. (Invited paper).

Kennedy, V.S. 1996. Biology of larvae and spat. Pages 371-421 in V.S. Kennedy, R.I.E. Newell , and A. F. Eble (eds.). The Eastern Oyster, Crassostrea virginica. Maryland Sea Grant, College Park MD.

Thompson, R.J., R.I.E. Newell, V.S. Kennedy, and R. Mann. 1996. Reproductive processes and early development. Pages 335-370 in V.S. Kennedy, R.I.E. Newell, and A. Eble (eds.). The Eastern Oyster, Crassostrea virginica. Maryland Sea Grant, College Park MD.

Kennedy, V.S. and L.P. Sanford. 1999. Characteristics of relatively unexploited beds of the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, and early restoration programs. Pages 25-46 in M.W. Luckenbach, R. Mann and J.A. Wesson (eds.) Oyster Reef Habitat Restoration: A Synopsis and Synthesis of Approaches. Virginia Institute of Marine Science Press, Gloucester Point, VA. (Invited chapter).

Kennedy, V.S. and K. Mountford. 2001. Human influences on aquatic resources in the Chesapeake Bay watershed. Pages 191-219 in P.D. Curtin, G. Brush and G.W. Fisher (eds.). Discovering the Chesapeake. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD (Invited chapter).

Kennedy, V.S. 2001. Molluscan Fisheries. Pages 1830-1841 in J.H. Steele, S.A. Thorpe and K.A. Turekian (eds.). Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences. Academic Press, London.

Kennedy, V.S. 2004. Thermal Pollution. Pages 79-89 in C.J. Cleveland (ed.). Encyclopedia of Energy. Academic Press, London.

Kennedy, V.S. 2006. External anatomy of blue crab larvae. Pages 25-54 in V.S. Kennedy and L.E. Cronin (eds.). The Blue Crab Callinectes sapidus. Maryland Sea Grant, College Park MD.

Kennedy, V.S. and L.E. Cronin. 2006. General anatomy of the post-larval blue crab. Pages 55-132 in V.S. Kennedy and L.E. Cronin (eds.). The Blue Crab Callinectes sapidus. Maryland Sea Grant, College Park MD.

Kennedy, V.S., M. Oesterling and W. Van Engel. 2006. History of blue crab fisheries on the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf coasts. Pages 595-649 in V.S. Kennedy and L.E. Cronin (eds.). The Blue Crab Callinectes sapidus. Maryland Sea Grant, College Park MD.

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Kennedy, V.S. (editor). 1980. Estuarine Perspectives. Proceedings of the l979 biennial meeting of the Estuarine Research Federation. Academic Press, New York. 533 p.

Kennedy, V.S. and L.L. Breisch. 1981. Maryland's Oysters: Research And Management. 286 pp. [An extensive review of the literature on worldwide oyster biology, and on oyster management in general and Maryland management in particular.] Published by University of Maryland Sea Grant Program.

Kennedy, V.S. (editor). 1982. Estuarine Comparisons. Proceedings of the 1981 biennial meeting of the Estuarine Research Federation. Academic Press, New York. 709 p.

Kennedy, V.S. (editor). 1984. The Estuary As A Filter. Proceedings of the 1983 biennial meeting of the Estuarine Research Federation. Academic Press, New York. 510 p.

V.S. Kennedy, R.I.E. Newell, and A.F. Eble (editors). 1996. The Eastern Oyster, Crassostrea virginica.
Maryland Sea Grant, College Park MD. 772 p.

Gardner, R.H., W.M. Kemp, V.S. Kennedy and J.E. Petersen (editors). 2001. Scaling Relations in Experimental Ecology. Cambridge University Press, New York. 373p.

V.S. Kennedy and L.E. Cronin (editors). 2006. The Blue Crab, Callinectes sapidus. Maryland Sea Grant, Colleg Park, MD. 661p.

Dennison, W.C., V.S. Kennedy, W.M. Kemp and J.E. Petersen. (in preparation). Experimental Coastal Ecosystems and Scale: Tools for Scientific Understanding and Resource Management.
Springer, New York.

Kennedy, V.S. and J.A. Mihursky. 1967. Bibliography of the effects of temperature in the aquatic environment. Univ. Maryland, Natural Res. Inst. Contrib. No. 326. 87 pp. [1220 references.]

Kennedy, V.S. and J.A. Mihursky. 1969. Addendum to bibliography of the effects of temperature in the aquatic environment. Univ. Maryland, Natural Res. Inst. Ref. No. 69-9. 18 pp. [279 additional references.]

Breisch, L.L. and V.S. Kennedy. 1980. A Selected Bibliography of Worldwide Oyster Literature. Maryland Sea Grant. 309 pp. [Over 3700 references].

Kennedy, V.S. and L.L. Breisch. 1981. Maryland's Oysters: An Annotated Bibliography. Maryland Sea Grant. 53 pp.

Kennedy, V.S. and J.A. Mihursky. 1997. A Selected Bibliography of the Effects of Temperature on Aquatic Invertebrates and Fish. Maryland Sea Grant (contains 3453 references).

Kennedy, V.S. and L.L Breisch. 2003. A Selected Bibliography of Worldwide Oyster Literature; Second Edition. Maryland Sea Grant (in preparation; will have over 4500 references)

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Atlantic Estuarine Research Society . Member-at-Large, 1981-82; President-Elect, 1983-84; President, 1984-86; Past-President, 1986-87. Honorary Member, 1997

Canadian Society of Zoologists

Crustacean Society

Estuarine Research Federation . Member, Governing Board, 1984-86; Chairman, Publication Committee 1985-1989, Co-Chair, Poster Committee for ERF 2005

Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom (life member).

National Shellfisheries Association . Elected Member-at-Large, 1983-86; Vice-President, 1988-1989; President-Elect, 1989-1990; President 1990-1991; Past President 1991-1992; Honored Life Member 1995.

Science Editor of the Transactions of the American Fisheries Society (1986-91). On the Editorial Board of the American Malacological Bulletin. Former Associate Editor of the journal Estuaries (1976-79).

Edited the proceedings of the 1979, 1981, and 1983 biennial meetings of the Estuarine Research Federation (ERF), all published by Academic Press. These are: Estuarine Perspectives, Estuarine Comparisons, and The Estuary as a Filter.

Co-editor of The Eastern Oyster, Crassostrea virginica, published in 1996 by Maryland Sea Grant and co-editor of a book on The Blue Crab, Callinectes sapidus.

Co-editor of Scaling Relations in Experimental Ecology, published in 2001 by Columbia University Press.

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Thurlow C. Nelson Award from the National Shellfisheries Association in 1968 for exceptional research on shellfish by a junior investigator.

W.F. James Fellow at St. Francis Xavier University, Canada during 1983-84 sabbatical leave.

Outstanding Service Award, American Fisheries Society 1992.

Honored Life Member Award, National Shellfisheries Association 1995.

Honorary Member Award, Atlantic Estuarine Research Society 1997.

Graduate Education Award for Excellence in Teaching and Dedicated Service (MEES Graduate Student Organization) 1999.

Regular Member of the Graduate Faculty, University System of Maryland (1978 - present). Teaching interests include: Environmental Science; Marine and Estuarine Ecology; Animal Ecology; Physiological Ecology; Introductory Life Science; Invertebrate Zoology.

Graduate Students Supervised as Major Advisor:

Judith Connor

M.S

1979

Microalgae on oysters

Jay Blundon

M.S

1981

Blue crab predation on bivalves

Steve Jordan

Ph.D.

1987

Oyster biodeposition

Marnita Chintala

M.S.

1987

Stylochus ellipticus reproduction

Gretchen (Roe) Messick

M.S.

1988

Blue crab diseases

Karen Sundberg

M.S.

1991

Bivalve larval settlement

Elizabeth Ebersole

M.S.

1992

Blue crab foraging behavior

Ann Barse

Ph.D.

1994

Fish ecology and parasitology

Peggy Derrick

M.S.

1994

Feeding in hogchokers (a sole)

Visited over 40 countries around the world while teaching for three semesters in an innovative seagoing university program which was managed by Chapman College (1970-71) and is now with University of Pittsburgh (1993). In fall 1993, this accredited program visited 10 ports in Asia, Africa and Europe during the voyage around the world, and I led a number of field trips in five of the ports. Presented invited lectures at the University of Madras and the Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Annamali University, India. North American member of the organizing committee of an international conference on estuarine and coastline pollution that was held in Fukuoka, Japan in 1987. On the way to the conference I lectured at National Taiwan University and to the Marine Biological Association of Hong Kong at Hong Kong University.

For information on Marine Biology, Molluscs, Crustaceans, Invertebrate Diversity/Systematics, and Climate Change.

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